"toppen" meaning in Middle English

See toppen in All languages combined, or Wiktionary

Verb

IPA: /ˈtɔpən/
Etymology: From top + -en (infinitival suffix). Etymology templates: {{af|enm|top|-en|id2=infinitival|pos2=infinitival suffix}} top + -en (infinitival suffix) Head templates: {{head|enm|verb}} toppen Inflection templates: {{enm-conj-wk|topp}} Forms: weak [table-tags], toppen [infinitive], to toppen [infinitive], toppe [infinitive], toppe [first-person, present, singular], topped [first-person, past, singular], toppede [first-person, past, singular], toppest [present, second-person, singular], toppedest [past, second-person, singular], toppeth [present, singular, third-person], topped [past, singular, third-person], toppede [past, singular, third-person], toppe [present, singular, subjunctive], topped [past, singular, subjunctive], toppede [past, singular, subjunctive], toppe [imperative, present, singular], - [imperative, past, singular], toppen [plural, present], toppe [plural, present], toppeden [past, plural], topped [past, plural], toppede [past, plural], toppeth [imperative, plural, present], toppe [imperative, plural, present], - [imperative, past, plural], toppynge [participle, present], toppende [participle, present], topped [participle, past], ytopped [participle, past], toppyn [alternative]
  1. (rare) To combat; to enter into conflict. Tags: rare
    Sense id: en-toppen-enm-verb-jSG7~mYV Categories (other): Middle English entries with incorrect language header, Middle English terms suffixed with -en (infinitival), Hair Disambiguation of Middle English entries with incorrect language header: 45 26 28 Disambiguation of Middle English terms suffixed with -en (infinitival): 34 35 32 Disambiguation of Hair: 18 26 56
  2. (rare) To shave; to make bald. Tags: rare
    Sense id: en-toppen-enm-verb-~NWj0V8t Categories (other): Middle English terms suffixed with -en (infinitival), Hair Disambiguation of Middle English terms suffixed with -en (infinitival): 34 35 32 Disambiguation of Hair: 18 26 56
  3. (rare, Late Middle English) To provide roofing; to give a roof. Tags: Late-Middle-English, rare
    Sense id: en-toppen-enm-verb-s-8cnjTw Categories (other): Late Middle English, Middle English terms suffixed with -en (infinitival), Hair, Roofing Disambiguation of Middle English terms suffixed with -en (infinitival): 34 35 32 Disambiguation of Hair: 18 26 56 Disambiguation of Roofing: 12 11 77

Alternative forms

{
  "descendants": [
    {
      "lang": "English",
      "lang_code": "en",
      "word": "top"
    },
    {
      "lang": "Scots",
      "lang_code": "sco",
      "word": "tap"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "enm",
        "2": "top",
        "3": "-en",
        "id2": "infinitival",
        "pos2": "infinitival suffix"
      },
      "expansion": "top + -en (infinitival suffix)",
      "name": "af"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_text": "From top + -en (infinitival suffix).",
  "forms": [
    {
      "form": "weak",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "table-tags"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "enm-conj-wk",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "inflection-template"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "toppen",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "infinitive"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "to toppen",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "infinitive"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "toppe",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "infinitive"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "toppe",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "first-person",
        "present",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "topped",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "first-person",
        "past",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "toppede",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "first-person",
        "past",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "toppest",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "present",
        "second-person",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "toppedest",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "past",
        "second-person",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "toppeth",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "present",
        "singular",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "topped",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "past",
        "singular",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "toppede",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "past",
        "singular",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "toppe",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "present",
        "singular",
        "subjunctive"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "topped",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "past",
        "singular",
        "subjunctive"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "toppede",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "past",
        "singular",
        "subjunctive"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "toppe",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "imperative",
        "present",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "-",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "imperative",
        "past",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "toppen",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "plural",
        "present"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "toppe",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "plural",
        "present"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "toppeden",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "past",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "topped",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "past",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "toppede",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "past",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "toppeth",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "imperative",
        "plural",
        "present"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "toppe",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "imperative",
        "plural",
        "present"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "-",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "imperative",
        "past",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "toppynge",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "participle",
        "present"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "toppende",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "participle",
        "present"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "topped",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "participle",
        "past"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "ytopped",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "participle",
        "past"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "toppyn",
      "tags": [
        "alternative"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "head_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "enm",
        "2": "verb"
      },
      "expansion": "toppen",
      "name": "head"
    }
  ],
  "inflection_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "topp"
      },
      "name": "enm-conj-wk"
    }
  ],
  "lang": "Middle English",
  "lang_code": "enm",
  "pos": "verb",
  "senses": [
    {
      "categories": [
        {
          "_dis": "45 26 28",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Middle English entries with incorrect language header",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        },
        {
          "_dis": "34 35 32",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Middle English terms suffixed with -en (infinitival)",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        },
        {
          "_dis": "18 26 56",
          "kind": "other",
          "langcode": "enm",
          "name": "Hair",
          "orig": "enm:Hair",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "To combat; to enter into conflict."
      ],
      "id": "en-toppen-enm-verb-jSG7~mYV",
      "raw_glosses": [
        "(rare) To combat; to enter into conflict."
      ],
      "tags": [
        "rare"
      ]
    },
    {
      "categories": [
        {
          "_dis": "34 35 32",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Middle English terms suffixed with -en (infinitival)",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        },
        {
          "_dis": "18 26 56",
          "kind": "other",
          "langcode": "enm",
          "name": "Hair",
          "orig": "enm:Hair",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "To shave; to make bald."
      ],
      "id": "en-toppen-enm-verb-~NWj0V8t",
      "raw_glosses": [
        "(rare) To shave; to make bald."
      ],
      "tags": [
        "rare"
      ]
    },
    {
      "categories": [
        {
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Late Middle English",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w"
        },
        {
          "_dis": "34 35 32",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Middle English terms suffixed with -en (infinitival)",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        },
        {
          "_dis": "18 26 56",
          "kind": "other",
          "langcode": "enm",
          "name": "Hair",
          "orig": "enm:Hair",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        },
        {
          "_dis": "12 11 77",
          "kind": "other",
          "langcode": "enm",
          "name": "Roofing",
          "orig": "enm:Roofing",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "To provide roofing; to give a roof."
      ],
      "id": "en-toppen-enm-verb-s-8cnjTw",
      "raw_glosses": [
        "(rare, Late Middle English) To provide roofing; to give a roof."
      ],
      "tags": [
        "Late-Middle-English",
        "rare"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "sounds": [
    {
      "ipa": "/ˈtɔpən/"
    }
  ],
  "word": "toppen"
}

{
  "categories": [
    "Middle English entries with incorrect language header",
    "Middle English lemmas",
    "Middle English terms suffixed with -en (infinitival)",
    "Middle English verbs",
    "Middle English weak verbs",
    "Pages with 7 entries",
    "Pages with entries",
    "enm:Hair",
    "enm:Roofing"
  ],
  "descendants": [
    {
      "lang": "English",
      "lang_code": "en",
      "word": "top"
    },
    {
      "lang": "Scots",
      "lang_code": "sco",
      "word": "tap"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "enm",
        "2": "top",
        "3": "-en",
        "id2": "infinitival",
        "pos2": "infinitival suffix"
      },
      "expansion": "top + -en (infinitival suffix)",
      "name": "af"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_text": "From top + -en (infinitival suffix).",
  "forms": [
    {
      "form": "weak",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "table-tags"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "enm-conj-wk",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "inflection-template"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "toppen",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "infinitive"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "to toppen",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "infinitive"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "toppe",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "infinitive"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "toppe",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "first-person",
        "present",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "topped",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "first-person",
        "past",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "toppede",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "first-person",
        "past",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "toppest",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "present",
        "second-person",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "toppedest",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "past",
        "second-person",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "toppeth",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "present",
        "singular",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "topped",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "past",
        "singular",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "toppede",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "past",
        "singular",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "toppe",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "present",
        "singular",
        "subjunctive"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "topped",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "past",
        "singular",
        "subjunctive"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "toppede",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "past",
        "singular",
        "subjunctive"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "toppe",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "imperative",
        "present",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "-",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "imperative",
        "past",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "toppen",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "plural",
        "present"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "toppe",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "plural",
        "present"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "toppeden",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "past",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "topped",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "past",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "toppede",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "past",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "toppeth",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "imperative",
        "plural",
        "present"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "toppe",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "imperative",
        "plural",
        "present"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "-",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "imperative",
        "past",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "toppynge",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "participle",
        "present"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "toppende",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "participle",
        "present"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "topped",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "participle",
        "past"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "ytopped",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "participle",
        "past"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "toppyn",
      "tags": [
        "alternative"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "head_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "enm",
        "2": "verb"
      },
      "expansion": "toppen",
      "name": "head"
    }
  ],
  "inflection_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "topp"
      },
      "name": "enm-conj-wk"
    }
  ],
  "lang": "Middle English",
  "lang_code": "enm",
  "pos": "verb",
  "senses": [
    {
      "categories": [
        "Middle English terms with rare senses"
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "To combat; to enter into conflict."
      ],
      "raw_glosses": [
        "(rare) To combat; to enter into conflict."
      ],
      "tags": [
        "rare"
      ]
    },
    {
      "categories": [
        "Middle English terms with rare senses"
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "To shave; to make bald."
      ],
      "raw_glosses": [
        "(rare) To shave; to make bald."
      ],
      "tags": [
        "rare"
      ]
    },
    {
      "categories": [
        "Late Middle English",
        "Middle English terms with rare senses"
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "To provide roofing; to give a roof."
      ],
      "raw_glosses": [
        "(rare, Late Middle English) To provide roofing; to give a roof."
      ],
      "tags": [
        "Late-Middle-English",
        "rare"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "sounds": [
    {
      "ipa": "/ˈtɔpən/"
    }
  ],
  "word": "toppen"
}

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This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable Middle English dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2026-08-28 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2026-08-05 using wiktextract (872fc7b and 4deed51). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.

If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.