"toppen" meaning in Middle English

See toppen in All languages combined, or Wiktionary

Verb

IPA: /ˈtɔpən/
Etymology: From top + -en (infinitival suffix). Etymology templates: {{af|enm|top|-en|id2=infinitival|pos2=infinitival suffix}} top + -en (infinitival suffix) Head templates: {{head|enm|verb}} toppen Inflection templates: {{enm-conj-wk|topp}} Forms: weak [table-tags], toppen [infinitive], to toppen [infinitive], toppe [infinitive], toppe [first-person, present, singular], topped [first-person, past, singular], toppest [present, second-person, singular], toppedest [past, second-person, singular], toppeth [present, singular, third-person], topped [past, singular, third-person], toppe [present, singular, subjunctive], topped [past, singular, subjunctive], toppe [imperative, present, singular], - [imperative, past, singular], toppen [plural, present], toppe [plural, present], toppeden [past, plural], toppede [past, plural], toppeth [imperative, plural, present], toppe [imperative, plural, present], - [imperative, past, plural], toppynge [participle, present], toppende [participle, present], topped [participle, past], ytopped [participle, past]
  1. (rare) To combat; to enter into conflict. Tags: rare
    Sense id: en-toppen-enm-verb-jSG7~mYV Categories (other): Middle English entries with incorrect language header, Middle English entries with topic categories using raw markup, Middle English terms suffixed with -en (infinitival) Disambiguation of Middle English entries with incorrect language header: 47 29 24 Disambiguation of Middle English entries with topic categories using raw markup: 64 18 17 Disambiguation of Middle English terms suffixed with -en (infinitival): 59 20 21
  2. (rare) To shave; to make bald. Tags: rare Categories (topical): Hair
    Sense id: en-toppen-enm-verb-~NWj0V8t Disambiguation of Hair: 22 73 6
  3. (rare, Late Middle English) To provide roofing; to give a roof. Tags: Late-Middle-English, rare Categories (topical): Roofing
    Sense id: en-toppen-enm-verb-s-8cnjTw Disambiguation of Roofing: 24 17 59 Categories (other): Late Middle English
The following are not (yet) sense-disambiguated
Synonyms: toppyn

Alternative forms

Download JSON data for toppen meaning in Middle English (4.7kB)

{
  "descendants": [
    {
      "depth": 1,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "en",
            "2": "top"
          },
          "expansion": "English: top",
          "name": "desc"
        }
      ],
      "text": "English: top"
    },
    {
      "depth": 1,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "sco",
            "2": "tap"
          },
          "expansion": "Scots: tap",
          "name": "desc"
        }
      ],
      "text": "Scots: tap"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "enm",
        "2": "top",
        "3": "-en",
        "id2": "infinitival",
        "pos2": "infinitival suffix"
      },
      "expansion": "top + -en (infinitival suffix)",
      "name": "af"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_text": "From top + -en (infinitival suffix).",
  "forms": [
    {
      "form": "weak",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "table-tags"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "enm-conj-wk",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "inflection-template"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "toppen",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "infinitive"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "to toppen",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "infinitive"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "toppe",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "infinitive"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "toppe",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "first-person",
        "present",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "topped",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "first-person",
        "past",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "toppest",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "present",
        "second-person",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "toppedest",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "past",
        "second-person",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "toppeth",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "present",
        "singular",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "topped",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "past",
        "singular",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "toppe",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "present",
        "singular",
        "subjunctive"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "topped",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "past",
        "singular",
        "subjunctive"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "toppe",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "imperative",
        "present",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "-",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "imperative",
        "past",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "toppen",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "plural",
        "present"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "toppe",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "plural",
        "present"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "toppeden",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "past",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "toppede",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "past",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "toppeth",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "imperative",
        "plural",
        "present"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "toppe",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "imperative",
        "plural",
        "present"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "-",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "imperative",
        "past",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "toppynge",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "participle",
        "present"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "toppende",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "participle",
        "present"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "topped",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "participle",
        "past"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "ytopped",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "participle",
        "past"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "head_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "enm",
        "2": "verb"
      },
      "expansion": "toppen",
      "name": "head"
    }
  ],
  "inflection_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "topp"
      },
      "name": "enm-conj-wk"
    }
  ],
  "lang": "Middle English",
  "lang_code": "enm",
  "pos": "verb",
  "senses": [
    {
      "categories": [
        {
          "_dis": "47 29 24",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Middle English entries with incorrect language header",
          "parents": [
            "Entries with incorrect language header",
            "Entry maintenance"
          ],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        },
        {
          "_dis": "64 18 17",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Middle English entries with topic categories using raw markup",
          "parents": [
            "Entries with topic categories using raw markup",
            "Entry maintenance"
          ],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        },
        {
          "_dis": "59 20 21",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Middle English terms suffixed with -en (infinitival)",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "To combat; to enter into conflict."
      ],
      "id": "en-toppen-enm-verb-jSG7~mYV",
      "raw_glosses": [
        "(rare) To combat; to enter into conflict."
      ],
      "tags": [
        "rare"
      ]
    },
    {
      "categories": [
        {
          "_dis": "22 73 6",
          "kind": "topical",
          "langcode": "enm",
          "name": "Hair",
          "orig": "enm:Hair",
          "parents": [
            "Body parts",
            "Body",
            "Anatomy",
            "Human",
            "Biology",
            "Medicine",
            "All topics",
            "Sciences",
            "Fundamental"
          ],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "To shave; to make bald."
      ],
      "id": "en-toppen-enm-verb-~NWj0V8t",
      "raw_glosses": [
        "(rare) To shave; to make bald."
      ],
      "tags": [
        "rare"
      ]
    },
    {
      "categories": [
        {
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Late Middle English",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w"
        },
        {
          "_dis": "24 17 59",
          "kind": "topical",
          "langcode": "enm",
          "name": "Roofing",
          "orig": "enm:Roofing",
          "parents": [
            "Construction",
            "Architecture",
            "Engineering",
            "Applied sciences",
            "Art",
            "Technology",
            "Sciences",
            "Culture",
            "All topics",
            "Society",
            "Fundamental"
          ],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "To provide roofing; to give a roof."
      ],
      "id": "en-toppen-enm-verb-s-8cnjTw",
      "raw_glosses": [
        "(rare, Late Middle English) To provide roofing; to give a roof."
      ],
      "tags": [
        "Late-Middle-English",
        "rare"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "sounds": [
    {
      "ipa": "/ˈtɔpən/"
    }
  ],
  "synonyms": [
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0 0",
      "word": "toppyn"
    }
  ],
  "word": "toppen"
}

{
  "categories": [
    "Middle English entries with incorrect language header",
    "Middle English entries with topic categories using raw markup",
    "Middle English lemmas",
    "Middle English terms suffixed with -en (infinitival)",
    "Middle English terms with IPA pronunciation",
    "Middle English verbs",
    "Middle English weak verbs",
    "enm:Hair",
    "enm:Roofing"
  ],
  "descendants": [
    {
      "depth": 1,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "en",
            "2": "top"
          },
          "expansion": "English: top",
          "name": "desc"
        }
      ],
      "text": "English: top"
    },
    {
      "depth": 1,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "sco",
            "2": "tap"
          },
          "expansion": "Scots: tap",
          "name": "desc"
        }
      ],
      "text": "Scots: tap"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "enm",
        "2": "top",
        "3": "-en",
        "id2": "infinitival",
        "pos2": "infinitival suffix"
      },
      "expansion": "top + -en (infinitival suffix)",
      "name": "af"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_text": "From top + -en (infinitival suffix).",
  "forms": [
    {
      "form": "weak",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "table-tags"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "enm-conj-wk",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "inflection-template"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "toppen",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "infinitive"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "to toppen",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "infinitive"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "toppe",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "infinitive"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "toppe",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "first-person",
        "present",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "topped",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "first-person",
        "past",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "toppest",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "present",
        "second-person",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "toppedest",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "past",
        "second-person",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "toppeth",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "present",
        "singular",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "topped",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "past",
        "singular",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "toppe",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "present",
        "singular",
        "subjunctive"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "topped",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "past",
        "singular",
        "subjunctive"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "toppe",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "imperative",
        "present",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "-",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "imperative",
        "past",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "toppen",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "plural",
        "present"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "toppe",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "plural",
        "present"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "toppeden",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "past",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "toppede",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "past",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "toppeth",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "imperative",
        "plural",
        "present"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "toppe",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "imperative",
        "plural",
        "present"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "-",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "imperative",
        "past",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "toppynge",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "participle",
        "present"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "toppende",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "participle",
        "present"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "topped",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "participle",
        "past"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "ytopped",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "participle",
        "past"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "head_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "enm",
        "2": "verb"
      },
      "expansion": "toppen",
      "name": "head"
    }
  ],
  "inflection_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "topp"
      },
      "name": "enm-conj-wk"
    }
  ],
  "lang": "Middle English",
  "lang_code": "enm",
  "pos": "verb",
  "senses": [
    {
      "categories": [
        "Middle English terms with rare senses"
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "To combat; to enter into conflict."
      ],
      "raw_glosses": [
        "(rare) To combat; to enter into conflict."
      ],
      "tags": [
        "rare"
      ]
    },
    {
      "categories": [
        "Middle English terms with rare senses"
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "To shave; to make bald."
      ],
      "raw_glosses": [
        "(rare) To shave; to make bald."
      ],
      "tags": [
        "rare"
      ]
    },
    {
      "categories": [
        "Late Middle English",
        "Middle English terms with rare senses"
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "To provide roofing; to give a roof."
      ],
      "raw_glosses": [
        "(rare, Late Middle English) To provide roofing; to give a roof."
      ],
      "tags": [
        "Late-Middle-English",
        "rare"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "sounds": [
    {
      "ipa": "/ˈtɔpən/"
    }
  ],
  "synonyms": [
    {
      "word": "toppyn"
    }
  ],
  "word": "toppen"
}

This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable Middle English dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2024-06-04 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2024-05-02 using wiktextract (e9e0a99 and db5a844). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.

If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.